kQ lQ@n`c|cQy ngr sWm`vt pQvQs sQtQn yRq hmRq`@v`~ ngr@y~ bly sm|pRr\N@yn~m sQywt g#nW@m| @m@hyRm|vl nQrwv sQtQwQ.
kQlQ@n`c|cQy ngryt kQ. mW. 1 1/2 k pmN a`sn~nyt smWpvW sQtQn @m|jr\ @jnr`l~ jgw~ dys~@g~ 57 v#nQ @s~n`Aky @k`k`vQl~ ngryq ilk~k kr @gn iqQrQyt a#@qmQn~ sQtQwQ.
y`pny nRvr e~. 09 pY{`n m`r\g@y~ pQhQtQ pY{`n ngr 02 k~ vn kQlQ@n`c|cQy sh m`n~kOlm| ngr @vw a`sn~nvW sQtQn 57 v#nQ @s~n`Akyt ayw~ bl@s~n`@v`~ el~. tW. tW. I. yt sQw`gw @n`h#kQ vn ayRrQn~ rhsQgw yRq s#lsRm| sh upkYm @y`q`@gn sQy avsn~ ilk~k kr` pQvQsWm s[h` up`yXWlWv @m@hyRm| sQqEkr@gn ywQ.
eL#B wQ@bn wq v#sQ smyq hmRq` @m@hyRm|vlt wrmk b`{`vk~v wQbRNq, hmRq`v em b`{kq m#V@gn q#dQ qE;~krw` m{&@y~ vRvq jygYhNy kr` a#@qmQn~ sQtQwQ.
kQlQ@n`c|cQy aw~pw~ kr g#nW@m| @m@hyRm|vl mn~qg`mW bvk~ @p@nn~nt a#w#yQ qkO@N~ jnw`v awr r`vyk~ p#wQ@rmQn~ pvwW. e~ anRv a#w#m|hR It vQvQ{ @h~wO sh ar\}k}n q#k~vWmtq @pLBW sQtQwQ.
yRq~{y mn~qg`mW bv pvsn @b`@h`~ @qn` e~ pQLQb[v vQvQ{ ar\}k}n spynR@y~ @q~Xp`lnmy vX@yn~ e~ @qs bl` bv em aqhs~vlt anRv @pnW yyQ.
em aqhs~vlt anRv a#w#mRn~ pvsnR@y~ el~. tW. tW. I. pYh`r hmR@v| hmRq`@v| iqQrQ gmn~ mn~qg`mW vW a#wQ bvyQ. wvw~ pQrQsk~ pvsnR@y~ in~qQy`@v| blp$m| sh m#qQhw~vWm mw hmRq`v kQlQ@n`c|cQy aw~pw~kr g#nW@m| @m@hyRm| nvw` a#wQ bvyQ.
hmRq` rNvQr#@v`~ qQvQ prqEvt wb` kr@gn yn @mm jygY`hW stn mn~qg`mW vWm sh nvw` q#mWm sw& vX@yn~m sQqEvW n#ww~ ey e@s~ sQqE@vnv` nm| in~ ek~wr` swOtk~ vQ[Qn @q~Xp`ln kOhk@y`~q ap sm`j@y~ @v@swQ. hmRq` rNvQr#@v`~ el~. tW. tW. I. yt e@rhQ @mm @m@hyRm| sQqEkr@gn ynR@y~ k`t k`tw~ avX& ayRrQn~ @q~Xp`ln k`lsthnkt anRv @n`v hmRq`v vQsQn~ aq`L prQqQ kYQy`w~mk kr@gn yn yRq s#lsRm|vlt anRv pmNk~ bv ovRn~ @w~r#m| gw yRwOv a#w.
el~. tW. tW. I. yq @mm awQXy b#rHr#m| wWrN`w~mk avs~}`@v|qW hmRq` @m@hyRm| adpNkr qm` kQlQ@n`c|cQy sh mRlwQv| sQy avsn~ bl@k`tR @qk rFkg#nWm s[h` yRqmy vX@yn~ pmNk~ @n`v j`w&n~wr pYj`v os~@s~ rjyt blp$m| el~l krvW@m| pYbl uw~s`hykq nQrwv sQtQn bv @pnW yyQ.
@mhQqW ovRn~ v#dQ uw~s`hyk~ qrnR@y~ yRqmy vX@yn~ itRkr g#nWmt asWr# em k`r\yy vQ@qs~ rtvl m#qQhw~vWm wOLQn~ n#vw stn~ vQr`my, s`m s`kc|C` v#nQ phsR ayRrkQn~ hmRq` @m@hyRm| nvw` g#nWmty.
@my el~. tW. tW. I. y yRqmy vX@yn~ q#v#n~w pr`jyn~t lk~vW qEr\vl ww~w~vykt pw~vR @pr s$m avs~}`vkqWm @yqR upkYmyk~ vQy. mWt @pr p#v#wQ s$m rjyk~m em ugO@lhQ p#tlENR bv awWwy vQsQn~ apt m#nvQn~ @pn~v` qW a#w. e~ bv ap kvRr#w~ amwk kL yRwOq n#w.
@k`tQy` @mvr s#r@snR@y~q em ugO@lhQ rjy ptlv` @gn hmRq`@v| jygY`hW iqQrQ gmn nvw` qm` n#vw hrQ brQ g#hW hRs~m @gn yRqmy vX@yn~ Xk~wQmw~vWmt bv awWw aw~q#kWm| s`k~;Q qrnR a#w.
@pr an~ kvr k`@lktw~ vd` a`rk~;k hmRq`@v`~ @m| s` q#v#n~w yRqmy jygYhN rFsk~ hQmQkr @gn avsn~ aqQyr kr` pQvQs sQtQyqW rNvQr#vn~@g~ r#hQr# mwQn~ l#bR em vQjygYhNyn~ p`v`qWmt jn`{QpwQ sh @s~n`{Qn`yk mhQn~q r`jpk; mhw` pYmRK rjy kYQy` @n`krnR a#w#yQ rNvQr#vn~ wOL pmNk~ @n`v kOrQr# wYs~wv`qyt e@rhQ s`my l#qQ s#b$m @q~X@pY~mW jnw`v wOL pvwQnR@y~ wqbl vQX~v`sykQ.
psRgQy qQnk jn`{QpwQ mhQn~q r`jpk; mhw` anRr`{pRr @r`~hlt @g`s~ st@n~qW wOv`l lb` sQtQ hmRq` rNvQr#vn~@g~ sRvqEk~ vQms` b#lR avs~}`@v|qW em rNvQr#vn~ ekhVQn~ il~l` sQtQ@y~q kQsQqE bl@v|gykt ytw~ @n`vW @k`tQ wYs~wv`qy mRUmnQn~m vQn`Xkr qmnwOr# hmRq` @m@hyRm| aKN~dv pvw~v` @gn y$mt id @qn @lsy. yRq~{y nvw~vn~n @qn~n ep` yn~n em vW@r`~q`r rNvQrv#n~@g~ il~lWm vQy.
em il~lWmt anRv jn`{QpwQ mhQn~q r`jpk; mhw` yRq hmRq`@v| @g`dbQm| @m@hyRm| kQsQm ayRrkQn~ @n`nvw~vn @ls a`rk~;k @l~km| @g`~T`xy r`jpk; mhw` mgQn~ up@qs~ qW wQbQyqW, XYW lAk` n`vQk hmRq`v syR@rhQ n`vQk @m@hyRm| nQhVv sQqEkrn@gn ymQn~ sQtQn bv q ap@g~ av{`nyt @y`mRvQy yRwOv a#w.
lEwQnn~ @jnr`l~ srw~ @f`n~@s~k` @g`dbQmQn~ sQqEkr@gn yn yRq hmRq` @m@hyRm|vlt qk~; n`ykw~vyk~ @qmQn~ sQtQyqW, gOvn~ hmRq`pwQ ey`r\ m`r\;l~ @r`;`n~ gONwQlk vQsQn~ gOvn~ hmRq`@v| gOvn~ pYh`rvlt qk~; n`ykw~vyk~ @qmQn~ sQtW.
el~. tW. tW. I. yt e@rhQ stn~ @m@hyRm| s`r\}kv sQqEkrnR@y~ yRq, gOvn~, n`vQk yn wYQvQ{ hmRq`@v`~ kr@gn yn s`r\}k wYQvQq hmRq` @m@hyRm| nQs`@vn~ bv ap amwk kL yRwO @n`@v|.
e~ anRv @mm yRq~{@y~qW XYW lAk` n`vQk hmRq`v vQsQn~ vyQs~ aq~mQr`l~ vsn~w krn~n`@g`d@g~ n`ykw~v@yn~ krnR lbn @m@hvr pQLQb[v n`vQk hmRq` m`{& e~kky vQsQn~ ap @vw ev` wQbR phw lQpQy @mvr "a`rk~;k vQvrNy" wOLQn~ pLkrnR@y~ n`vQk hmRq` rNvQr#vn~t @k@rn uph`ryk~ vX@ynQ.
mRhRqE @k`tQ wYs~wv`qWn~@g~ pYh`r hmR@v| XYW lAk` n`vQk hmRq`v 2005 vsr vnwOr#m mRhRN qEn~@n~, e@wk~ p#v#wQ s`m|pYq`yQk kYQy`m`r\gyn~ anRgmny krmQn~ enm| @v|g pYh`rk @n_k`, @v|g pYh`rk y`wY` up@y`~gW krmQnQ.
1980 sQt 2000 vr\;y qk~v` stn~vl s~vx`vy h` pYm`Ny wvqErtw~ vr\{ny vW 2000 vsrQn~ psRv g#tRm| wvqErtw~ uw~sn~n vQNQ. @mhQ pYwQPly vR@y~ vrQn~ vr g#tRm| a#wQ @vmQn~ hmRq` pYh`r hmR@v| @k`tQ @b`~tQtR vQn`Xyt pw~ vRvq, mWLM g#tR@m|qW q g#tRmt ek~vR @k`tQ y`wY`vl adRvk~ @n`m#wQ vQy.
@k`tQ wYs~wv`qWn~ wm mRhRqE kYQy`k`rkm| @m@hyvWm s[h` mRlQk upkYm @qkk~ x`vQw kryQ. enm| kOd` y`wY` mgQn~ krn @m@hyRm| (y`wY`, m`U @b`~tQtR, {Wvr y`wY`) sh vQX`l pYm`N@y~ n#v| x`vQw krmQn~ an~wr\j`wQkv kYQy`w~mk kL avQ j`v`rm|.
@k`tQn~@g~ j`v`rm| r[` pvwQn~@n~ @mm kYm @qk anRv bv @w~r#m| g#nW@mn~ psRv ovRn~@g~ bly adpN kQrWm ekm vQs[Em bv n`vQk hmRq`v @w~r#m| gnR l#bWy.
ekW a{&ynyn~vl pYwQPlyk~ @ls 2006 vsr vn vQt XYW lAk`vt ayw~ mRU mRhRqE sWm`v pRr`m mRr sAc`ryn~ pRUl~ kQrW@m| avX&w`v p#n n#gONQ. e~ anRv mRhRqE wWr@y~ @k@rn kOd` @b`~tQtR j`v`rm| avm krn~nt ktyRwO @yqQNQ. ehQ pYwQPly vR@y~ 2006 vs@r\qW pmNk~ XYW lAk` n`vQk hmRq`v avs~}` 21kqW @k`tQn~ h` g#tRm| a#wQvWmyQ. in~ s$m avs~}`vkqWm v#dQ v`sQ aw~kr g#nWmt XYW lAk` n`vQk hmRq`v smw~ vQy.
wYs~wv`qWn~ h` yRq~{ kQQrW@mn~ pY`@y`~gQkv lq aw~q#kWm|vlt anRv, mRhRqE @k`tQ bly adRkQrWmt nm| pvwQn s#lsRm|vlt vd` wvqErtw~ s`r\}k kYmyk~ avX& bv n`vQk hmRq`vt av@b`~{ vQy. e~v` nm| nv kY@m`~p`yk~ up@y`~gQ kr g#nWm, kOd` @v|g pYh`rk y`wY` sAkl~pyk~ h[En` g#nWm, n#vQyn~ s[h` vQ@X~;Qw pRRhRNRvk~ lb`qWm, nvWn avQ a`yR{ lb` g#nWm, n`vQk yRq upkYm x`vQwy a`rm|x kQrWm yn aAXvl pYgwQyk~ a#wQ kQrWm, @g`dbQm a`sn~n@y~ @mn~m a$w mRhR@q~ pv` @k`tQn~ hB` @g`s~ pYh`r el~l kL yRwO bv av@b`~{ vQy.
ehQ pYwQPlyk~ @ls 2007 vr\;@y~qW pmNk~ g#BRr# mRhR@q~qW vQX`l @n_k` 07 k~ vQn`X kQrWmt n`vQk hmRq`vt h#kQvQy. sQylE wYs~wv`qWn~ n`vQk hmRq`v smM g#tRmkt p#mQNQ avs~}` @n`vn awr ovRn~ psR ps hB` @g`s~ pYh`ryn~ el~l kQrWm sQqEvQy.
2007 vr\;@y~qW @k`tQ wYs~wv`qWn~ vQX~myt pw~krmQn~ jygYhN rFsk~ lb`g#nWmt n`vQk hmRq`v smw~vQy.
mRhRqE @k`tQn~ h` stn~ kr jygYhN lb` g#nWmt nm|, a$w mRhR@q~ @mn~m @vrL a`rk~;`vq vd`w~ Xk~wQmw~ kL yRwO bv n`vQk hmRq`vt av@b`~{ vQy.
e~ s[h` pYm`N@yn~ kOd` @n`g#BRr# mRhR@q~qW h#sQrvQy h#kQ y`wY`vn~@g~ avX&w`v mwOvQy. @mmgQn~ @k`tQ ilk~k smWpytm gmn~ kL h#kQvWmw~, @v|gvw~ x`vy nQs` @k`tQ @b`~tQtR psRps phsR@vn~ hB` yn~nt, h#kQy`v wQbWmw~. pYm`N@yn~ kOd` nQs` h#sQrvW@m| phsRv wQbWmw~ yn a`qW kr#NR mw s`@p~k~; v`sQq`yk h` phsR bv n`vQk hmRq`vt avX&w`vy wqQn~ q#nRnq, XYW lAk`v v#nQ a`r\}Qk aphsRw` pvwQn rtkt @mwrm| pYm`Nyk~ a`nyn vQyqm| @ls q#rWmt a#wQ @n`h#kQy`vq n`vQk prQp`lnyt av@b`~{ vQy.
@mrt vQ@q~XQkyn~t ytw~vWmt @pr`wOv, apt @pY_D iwQh`syk~ p#v#wQ 12 vn Xw vr\;@y~ mRl~ x`g@y~qW @mrt rj kL gjb` h` mh` pr`kYmb`hR yn rjvr#n~@g~ k`lvlqW pv` apt Xk~wQmw~ n`vQk hmRq`vk~ wQbR bv iwQh`s@y~ s[hn~ @v|.
kYQ. v. 1164 : 1165 qW @qvngl @sl~lQpQ@y~ s[hn~ vn prQqQ vQjyb`hR rj sm@y~ qW n#v| qhskt bl pQrQs~ nAv` bRr#my a`kYmNy kQrWmt kQw~ nRvrgl @snvQy`t nQ@y`~g k@L~y. ekl n#v| qhs~ gNn~ wQbR@N~ a@p~m rtv#sQyn~@g~ qhdQy mhn~sQ@yn~ nQmvRvk~ mQs rt rtvlQn~ @mrtt @gn~vn lq @n_k` @h`~ @b`~tQtR @n`@v|.
em @ewQh`sQk mwkyn~ sQhQyt nM` gnQmQn~ vr\wm`n@y~ q apt avX& @b`~tQtR apQm nQ;~p`qny kr gw yRwOy yn sAkl~py n`vQk prQp`lny @vw phL vQNQ. ey mRlQn~m mhw~ axQ@y`~gyk~ vR@y~ e~ s[h` avX& krn sm|pw~, q#nRm, w`k~;Ny h` pY`g~{ny @s`y` gn~@n~ @k@s~q yn~nyQ.
ekW sQylE axQ@y`~g jy g#nW@m| x`rqRr vgkWm kr mwt gw~ n`vQk hmRq`v wmn~ vQsQn~m wmn~t avX& @b`~tQtR @mrt wOLqWm nQ;~p`qny kQrWm a`rm|x k@L~ 2005 vr\;@y~ ag x`g@y~ sQty. 2005 vs@r\ sRn`mQyt avw#n~vRvn~ @vnR@vn~ n`vQk hmRq`v vQsQn~m nQ;~p`qny kr @bq` qEn~ kOd` pYm`N@y~ fyQbr\ g~l`s~ dQAgQ y`wY` @myt kqQm nQqsRnkQ. eyQn~q nwr @n`vR n`vQk hmRq`v iAjQ@n~r# aAX@y~ pQrQs~ nv pQm|mk~ iqQrQyt wbmQn~ @vrL a`XYQw mRr y`wY` nQ;~p`qny krn~nt @pLBRNQ. ekk~ r#pQyl~ mQlQyn 45 k~ pmN v#y vn @mkW y`wY`vk~ a@p~ k`r\mQkyn~ awQn~ nQm vn~@n~ r#pQyl~ mQlQyn 16 k~ wrm| avm mRqlkQnQ.
@mm mhMO nQ;~p`qn kYQy`q`myn~ a`rm|x k@L~ 2008 vr\;@y~qWy. k;NQk vQhQqEm| y`wY` nmQn~ awQ nvWnwm kOd` @v|g pYh`rk y`wY`vk~ (s^IW: pY}m vw`vt nQ;~p`qn krn lqW. v#lQsr n`vQk hmRq` k[vR@r\ pQhQt` wQ@bn nQ;~p`qn v#dp@L~qW a@p~m iAjQ@n~r#vn~ awQn~ @mm nQ;~p`qny sQqE vQy. qL vX@yn~ r#pQyl~ mQlQynyk~ pmN vtQn`kmk~ v#y vRvq a@p~ awQn~ nQm kQrWmt v#y vn~@n~ r#pQyl~ lk~; 5.5 @hvw~ mRql~ pQrQ v#@yn~ x`gyk~ pmN @v|. e~ anRv ek~ y`wY`vkQn~ r#pQyl~ mQlQyn x`gyk~ rtt iwQrQkr qWmt h#kQy`v l#bW a#w.
vsr ekhm`rk~ v#nQ @ktQ k`lyk~ wOLqW ev#nQ @b`~tQtR 100 k~ nQ;~p`qny kr avsn~ kQrWmt h#kQy`v l#bWm jygYhNykQ.
mRhRqE @k`tQ aAX@y~ n`yk sR@syQ v@rk kQy` sQtQ@y~ kvq` @h`~ qQnk wWrN`w~mk yRq~{y a#wQ vn~@n~ mRhR@q~qW bvyQ" in~ gm& vn~@n~ mRl~ k`lWnv mRhR@q~qW bly al~l` g#nWm phsR mgk~ @ls kl~pn` kL bvkQ. e@mn~m wvw~ v@rk ohR p#vsR@v| ovRn~tm kQy` s~v`{Wn mRhRqk~ avX& bvyQ. nmRw~ aq n`vQk hmRq`v swOv pvwQn mRhRqE Xk~wQy yt@w~ mRhRqE @k`tQn~ mRUmnQn~m p`@h~ nQhV krlWmt h#kQy`vk~ l#bW a#w.
e@mn~m vsr 30 kt a`sn~n k`lyk~ wQs~@s~ p#v#wQ ww~w~vy vsr 2 k~ v#nQ @ktQ k`lyk~ wOLqW pRnr\jWvnykt lk~ krn~nt h#kQy`v l#bW wQ@b|.
qRpwk~ @ls wvqErtw~ mRhRqE sWm`@v| ayQwQy sRrFkWmt XYW lAk` n`vQk hmRq`v s#qW p#h#qW sQtQn bv sh XYW lAk`vt wr\jnyk~ vn~nt mRhRqE @k`tQn~t id @n`wbn bv n`vQk hmRq`@v| pYwQZ`vyQ.
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